About the authors

Millie Mitchell

Millie is a Senior Researcher at Centre for London. Before joining the Centre in 2022, Millie studied for a Master’s degree in Regional and Urban Planning Studies where she researched the growth of institutional investment in Britain’s rental sector. Prior to this, Millie studied Architecture and her research interests include housing, urban politics and sustainable transport.

Oriane Nermond

Oriane is a Research Manager at Centre for London. She joined in January 2023 and is responsible for managing research projects on a range of topics. Before joining the team, Oriane worked at the Office for National Statistics leading on inclusivity projects to increase participation of underrepresented groups in UK national surveys. Oriane also previously worked in both private and public sectors in France and in the UK. Oriane has a Master’s degree in Urban Policy.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to everyone who shared their time and expertise with us throughout this project. In particular, we thank the members of our Advisory Group: Silviya Barrett (Director of Policy and Research, Campaign for Better Transport); Joanne Beaney (Communications and Engagement Specialist, Transport for London); Andy Bland (Head of Sales, Southeast England, Enterprise Holdings); Tanya Braun (Head of Policy and Communications, Living Streets); Lucy Foreman (Transport Planning Manager, Be First Regeneration); Georgia Heathman (Senior Public Policy Manager, TIER Mobility); Matthew Hill (Assistant Director, Highways, Transport and Regulatory Services, The Royal Borough of Kingston Upon Thames); Jonathan Holdcroft (previously Head of Corporate Affairs, Worldline); Laura Holloway (Head of Government and Public Affairs, UK & Ireland, Enterprise Holdings); Amandeep Kellay (Portfolio Manager, Impact on Urban Health); Rachel Lee (Policy and Research Manager, Living Streets); Paul Ravenhill (Transport Market Director, Worldline); Annie Reddaway (Public Policy Manager, TIER); Ashok Sinha (Chief Executive, London Cycling Campaign); Martin Taylor (Head of TfL Business Strategy, Transport for London); Tim Thomas (Head of Transport, Infrastructure and Policy Planning, Be First Regeneration); Alina Tuerk (Director of Transport Strategy and Policy, Transport for London); James Turgoose (Director, Turgoose Advisors); and Shashi Verma (Director of Strategy and Chief Technology Officer, Transport for London).

In addition, we would like to thank all those who generously gave their time to take part in an interview: Michael Benn (Senior Service Area Manager, Customer Services, Parking, Markets and Street Trading, Public Realm, London Borough of Hackney), Richard Dilks (Chief Executive, CoMoUK), Nigel Hallam (Workplace Parking Levy Service Manager, Nottingham City Council), Lucy Hayward-Spreight (Transport Strategy and Planning Manger – Air Quality & Environment, Transport for London), James Lancaster (Head of European Mobility, Enterprise Holdings), Constant McCall (Principal Transport Planner, London Borough of Hackney), Adrian McMullan (Pricing and Forecasting Manager, Transport for London), Eshwyn Prahbu (Interim Head of Transport Strategy and Air Quality, London Borough of Islington), Mark Thomlinson (Climate Engagement and Behaviour Change Lead, London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham).

Thanks also go to our Centre for London colleagues Claire Harding (for support with policy recommendations and content), Josh Cottell (for support with policy recommendations and content), Zarin Mahmud (for support with the financial incentives) and Klara Blazek (for designing the report).

Finally, this project would not have been possible without the support of our principal sponsor Enterprise Holdings, and our supporting sponsors Worldline and Be First. Nonetheless, the views expressed in this report are solely those of the authors, and all errors and omissions remain our own.